Mitochondrial ATP synthases (ATPases) transduce the energy contained in membrane electrochemical proton gradients into the energy required for synthesis of high-energy phosphate bonds. ATPases contain two linked complexes: F1, the hydrophilic catalytic core; and F0, the membrane-embedded protein channel. F1 consists of three α chains and three β chains, which are weakly homologous, as well as one γ chain, one δ chain and one e chain. F0 consists of three subunits: a, b and c. The α chain of F1 is a regulatory subunit that contains 509 amino acids. Mitochondrial ATPase α chain (ATP5A) localizes to the mitochondria and catalyzes ATP synthesis.