High mobility group (HMG) proteins 1 and 2 are ubiquitous non-histone components of chromatin. Evidence suggests that the binding of HMG proteins to DNA induces alterations in the DNA architecture including DNA bending and unwinding of the helix. HMG proteins synergize with Oct-2, members of the NFκB family, ATF-2 and c-Jun to activate transcription. Other studies indicate that phosphorylation of HMG protein is required to stimulate the transcriptional activity of the protein. Human HMG-1 and HMG-2 both contain two DNA-binding domains, termed HMG boxes. HMG proteins bind single-stranded DNA but induce conformational changes in double-stranded DNA alone.